Introduction: In the game of volleyball, game efficiency is based not only on physical preparation and technical skills. A great deal of it depends on the players’ abilities to cooperate, communicate and adapt to the psychosocial aspects of team group dynamics. In this study we attempt to establish the players’ behavior in conflict situations, their basic personality characteristics and how these influence some game indicators.Methodology: 1) Background information; 2) Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument (1977); 3) Big Five Personality Test developed by Goldberg (1992). Results: The results of our research reveal that the scale with the highest result is Com-promising, which is the trait described by both assertiveness and cooperativeness. We have significant differences between teams and age groups in terms of the scale Competing from the Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument and Conscientiousness and Agreeableness from the Big Five Personality Test.Conclusions: The younger players are more open and try to find more information about the sports environment and learn more about the game and their personal growth. The higher the qualification and the age, the more the players prefer competing and being assertive in their interpersonal relationships. The lower level players prefer clearer rules and instructions. The players from Maritza are more sport aggressive and with a higher winners’ attitude.

Background: Obesity is a life-threatening condition linked to various diseases in all ages. Most common interventions focus on physical activity though there are some drawbacks limiting peoples’ participation in exercise. Swimming targets these limitations offering promising results to people who wish to improve their lifestyle.Objectives: The aim of this review is it to investigate the effects cold water can have on the obese population. This will be done by examining the physiological effects of swimming, under-standing if different water temperatures can result in different outcomes and finding any other benefits that come along with swimming exercise.Search Strategy: PubMed, EbscoHost and Google Scholar are used as search engines to find the appropriate papers using the words obese, overweight, swim, aquatics, water immersion. A systematic review summarises the findings of primary research papers. This review is based according to the PICO guidelines and all the selected papers are evaluated using the CASP tool. A meta-synthesis summarises the results of the papers.Results: Results indicated that swimming helps people lose weight while providing addi-tional benefits such as decreasing joint pain in people suffering from osteoarthritis. Further-more, positive results are seen in anthropometric measures, physiological responses, and body composition. Conclusions: It is concluded that water-based exercise can prove an effective intervention for obese people wishing to lose weight. Results were seen from different protocols and water temperature was difficult to monitor. Future research should use the same exercise design in various water temperatures to fully understand the differences in the results.

In sports such as gymnastics it is difficult to monitor the fitness and endurance level of the athletes. In rhythmic gymnastics it is proven that the competitive program is in anaerobic re-gime of work. Some authors state that there is no contribution by the aerobic energy system in gymnastics. Very few attempts have been undertaken to create specific anaerobic tests in the different gymnastics disciplines. That’s why the aim of this study was to create a laboratory test to measure the fitness level (specific endurance) of the rhythmic gymnasts competing at national and international level. Twelve high level gymnasts aged 15.7 (±2.1) were involved in this study. Two tests were performed in the laboratory – VO2max and submaximal 2-min test (author’s test) and one field test – competitive routine was carried out. Two min min submaximal treadmill test with constant load (95% of the maximal test)requires a 2-min run on a treadmill with a constant speed of 8,4 km/h and individually set up incline of 95% of the maximum for each athlete. The incline is fixed on the basis of: reached HR and incline during the maximal test; extrapolation of the incline as 100% from the theoretical maximal pulse and calculation of the 95% of the incline for each gymnast. Rhythmic gymnastics routine clearly showed better results in the competitive period and is an indicator for tapering into peak performance. We received some contradictory information as regards the laboratory results. Heart rate during the whole load on the treadmill test was lower (significantly proven). This means that in the next stage of the investigation, the experi-ment needs to be done with the same duration, but we should increase the load to 100%.

The aerobic capacity is considered to be a prerequisite for high training and competitive performance in judo. However, it is not clear how the differences in the body composition of judokas affect their aerobic performance. The present study was aimed at comparing the body composition variables and aerobic capacity among judo players from different weight categories and examining the best method for scaling the VO2max for differences in body mass. The subjects were109 male and 108 female judokas 15-26 years old, grouped in three weight categories for each sex. Percentage of body fat (%BF) was predicted by skinfold equations. Fat mass, fat-free mass (FFM) and BMI were also calculated. The maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) was measured during a graded maximal bicycle ergometer test. The correlations between VO2max, normalized by different methods, and body size variables were tested by Pearson’s product-moment correlations. The %BF and body composition variables significantly differed among weight categories and were with the highest values in the heaviest athletes. The average V?O2max.BM-1 of the en-tire groups of male and female judokas were respectively 48.4±4.7 ml.kg-1.min-1 and 39.7±4.0 ml.kg-1.min-1. The lightweight classes demonstrated the highest relative to BM values of V?O2max.When VO2max was adjusted to BM with derived allometric exponents (0.77 for males and 0.69for females) the results for the three weight categories of male and female judokas were similar,regardless of the differences in their body composition.The interpretation of the between-weight categories differences in aerobic capacity in judokas is dependent on the method of expression of VO2max. The VO2max, normalized for BM or FFM, did not remove the effect of body size and still correlated with body composition variables in both sexes. The power function expression of VO2max produced size-free variables, which did not correlate with body size in judokas.

The methodological classification of the volume of the exercises is in the basis of the multi-annual preparation in gymnastics. A number of authors (Dimitrova, 2015; Borisenko, 2000; Fisenko, 2005; Gaverdovskiy, Smolevskiy, 2014) note that for the apparatus of female all around – balance beam and floor exercise, the volume material united in different structural groups isequal. The basic motor habits differ only as regards the specificity of the particular apparatus.The aim of the research is to establish the role of the velocity gradient for the learning algo-rithm in a multi-annual aspect and on floor exercise. We used kinematic analysis, comparative data analysis and variation analysis when we processed the results. The analysis of the results allowed us to establish the role of the velocity gradient for learning algorithm in the multian-nual aspect and of floor exercise. Our research has shown that the basic exercises sequence on floor exercise according to the gradient velocity does not fully correspond to the methodical sequence of training used for years so far. We established the following dependence: the greater number of movements in the main action phase executed for shorter time increases the velocity gradient. It was confirmed for the apparatuses of the gymnastic all around too. The obtained values for the velocity of basic exercises of floor exercise by structural group confirmed their direct proportional dependence on difficulty.

Starting from 2018 the judges began to evaluate the level of difficulty of the compositions with an open scale according to the rules of the competition. The article is devoted to the evaluation of the compositional difficulty of competitive compositions of group routines in rhythmic gymnastics. One of the factors that determines both the difficulty of the composition and the synchronization of motor interaction execution by sportswomen in group routines is defined. The purpose of this research is to justify the necessity of taking into account tempo-rhythmic abilities of gymnasts that predetermine difficulty of compositional decision of competitive program in group routines. The objective of this study is to reveal the correlational interconnections be-tween tempo-rhythmic abilities and expert evaluations of synchronicity of group motor activity. The methods that were applied in are an expert evaluation that assesses the synchronization of motor actions of gymnasts in group routines and testing that consists of listening to and playing of parts of pieces of music of different rhythmic patterns. The revealed correlational interconnections allow increasing the synchronicity of motor actions of gymnasts in group routines that will make competitive programs more qualitative and spectacular.

Examining the place and influence of emotional intelligence in sports context attracts the attention of a number of researchers. Their surveys are done mostly among athletes and more rarely among coaches. In the last years some researchers have begun to study the relation be-tween emotional intelligence and coaches’ leadership style. Authors have found out that emotional intelligence of the coaches was shown to directly predict leadership style and coaching efficacy (Hwang et al., 2013). The aim of the present research is to study the interdependence between Emotional intelligence and Leadership style among Bulgarians football coaches.Methodology: The research was done among 172 football coaches aged between 20 and 56 years, who differ in age, license, age group of their competitors, coaching experience, and sports experience as football players. In order to fulfill the aim of the research we used: 1) Background information, 2) Emotional Intelligence Scale (EIS; Schutte et al., 1998), 3) Revised Leadership Scale for Sport (RLSS; Zhang et. al., 1997). Results:The results reveal that the researched coaches possess the greatest skills in managing their own emotions and the smallest – as regards “Perception of emotions”. They most often prefer behavior related to “Training and instruction behavior”, choose more seldom Positive feedback behavior, and prefer to take authoritative decisions. We found significant relations be-tween the subscales of Emotional intelligence and Leadership style. Our results did not wholly confirm the results found in literature about the role of Emotional intelligence as a predictor of “Positive feedback behavior” and “Autocratic behavior”.

A majority of the students at physical education universities are actual athletes who have “double career”. They combine getting professional education with professional sport activities. In this regard, sport activities of students form an important part of their future career, because it is the informal way of getting professional knowledge and skills. However, today there are no officially recognized organizational and pedagogical approaches to the formalization and assessment of informal education outcomes, which student-athletes demonstrate during their sport activities. Consequently, there are very few practices of making individual university programs for student-athletes based on their informal education outcomes. The study purpose was to develop and approbate a model of substantial integration of study process and sport training at the sports university as a method of combination of formal and informal education types for student-athletes. The study included a comparative analysis of educational and professional standards, elaboration of measures for substantial integration of sport and educational process, and study of athletes’ academic performance. In addition, we used methods of modeling, interviewing, expert assessment and mathematical statistics in our study. The study revealed the coherence of athletes’ knowledge, skills and activities and the competencies they acquire at the sports university. We demonstrated that elite athletes gain knowledge, skills and attitudes envisaged in the educational program in the framework of their sport activities. We have designed the model of individual university program for elite athletes, which corresponds to the techniques of integration of formal and informal education types.